Sunday, 19 May 2013

FAUVISM

The first avant-garde movements that flourished in France in the early twentieth century was Fauvism. Paintings of Paul Gauguin show the beginning of Fauvism. The style of Fauvism was pushed towards the arts by his use of symbolic colour. He proposed that colour had a symbolic vocabulary which may have been used to translate a range of emotions visually. The first to break with the Impressionism as well as with the traditional, older methods of perception were the Fauve painters. Their spontaneous response to nature was expressed in bold, visible brush strokes and bright, vibrant colours used directly from the tube.

Andre Derain, Fishing Boats, Collioure, 1905.

Henri Matisse, Promenade among the Olive Trees, 1905.

Henri Matisse, Nastrutiums with the Painting "Dance", 1912.

References:

Fauvism - New Possibilities for Color in Art. 2013. Fauvism - New Possibilities for Color in Art. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/art_movements/fauvism.htm. [Accessed 19 May 2013].

Fauvism | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2013. Fauvism | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/fauv/hd_fauv.htm. [Accessed 19 May 2013].

EGYPTIAN PAINTING AND SCULPTURE

Egyptian paintings are created in a way to show a profile view and a side view of an animal or person. Most of the art that is still surviving is coming from the tombs and monuments, and because of this there is an emphasis on life after death and an emphasis on preserving the knowledge of the past. A distinctive technique called sunk relief was used by the Egyptians, which is a method well suited for very bright sunlight. Reliefs done in Ancient Egypt were almost like carvings on a wall of a palace or pyramid, but are slightly more three dimensional. The cuts that are made onto the walls are deeper and more strategic than Egyptian hieroglyphics. The Ka statue is an ancient Egyptian statue that was intended to create a resting place for the ka, or spirit of a person after their death. They believed that ka (a life force), along with a physical body, the name, the ba (a soul) and the swt (a shadow), were the five different parts that made up a person.

Egyptian Relief

Ka Scuplture

References:

Painting and Sculpture - Early Dynastic Period . 2013. Painting and Sculpture - Early Dynastic Period . [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.boundless.com/art-history/ancient-egyptian-art/early-dynastic-period/painting-and-sculpture-3/. [Accessed 19 May 2013].

Ancient Egyptian Relief - a photo on Flickriver. 2013. Ancient Egyptian Relief - a photo on Flickriver. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.flickriver.com/photos/ggnyc/761157146/. [Accessed 19 May 2013].

Works from The Egyptian Museum at Cairo. 2013. Works from The Egyptian Museum at Cairo. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/egypt/cairo/ok.html. [Accessed 19 May 2013].

EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS

The English language is made up of 26 characters. Those letters are combined into words and then into sentences  Ancient Egyptian writing has more than 2,000 hieroglyphic characters, with each hieroglyphic represents a common thing or object. Hieroglyphics could represent an image of an idea that has to do with the object  or it could represent the sound of the object.


10 characters (0-9) are used in the modern system of numbering that may represent all possible numbers. The Egyptian numbering system used to also be based on units of 10, but the Egyptians used different images to represent different units of 10 instead of relying on the position of the numbers to define their value.


References:

Hieroglyphic Numbers. 2013. Hieroglyphic Numbers. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.greatscott.com/hiero/numbers.html. [Accessed 19 May 2013].

Hieroglyphics:Student Worksheet. 2013. Hieroglyphics:Student Worksheet. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.internal.schools.net.au/edu/lesson_ideas/egypt/src/mockup/egypt_actsht1_p1.html. [Accessed 19 May 2013].

4.1. 2013. 4.1. [ONLINE] Available at:http://mathematics.gulfcoast.edu/leolusk/4_1.htm. [Accessed 19 May 2013].

Wednesday, 15 May 2013

EGYPTIAN HISROTY

Agriculture was the center of ancient Egyptian life. the majority of the people were farmers and the growing season lasted eight to nine months. Although they had pastoral farming of cattle, sheep and goats, wheat fruit and vegetables were the principal crops. They worked hard in order to feed themselves and pay their taxes. From July to November they would have the annual flooding of the Nile that made farming impossible, but wen the waters receded, a thick layer of fertile silt over the farmlands insured thick grasses for their grazing animals and rich soil for their crops.The Egyptian country consisted of the two narrow strips of land lining either bank of the river Nile, and just beyond the farmlands lay enormous deserts. The Nile was the center of their culture, with its cycle of growth, death and rebirth to new growth becoming their cycle of everyday life that made up their religion and understanding of an afterlife. The river was not just there for their food, it insured a line of communication and transportation among the provinces of the kingdom. To the pharaohs the Nile was an advantage to them because it was a means to transport their armies and thus maintaining a strong, unified nation. Egypt had a centralized government controlled by a line of hereditary rulers by 3100 BC. These were like kings, but called pharaohs, and they kept a royal court of advisers and nobility and controlled the governors of the provinces of the kingdom. They also commanded the Egyptian army and even priests and priestesses who officiated at the complex religious ceremonies and played as servants to the gods served the pharaoh. The pharaohs started being considered as a representative of the gods on earth and also as gods themselves.

The River Nile.

The River Nile flooding.

Hieroglyphs of a pharaoh. 

References:

Life in Ancient Egypt. 2013. Life in Ancient Egypt. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.watson.org/~leigh/egypt.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013]

Civilization.ca - Egyptian civilization - Geography - Nile valley . 2013.Civilization.ca - Egyptian civilization - Geography - Nile valley . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civil/egypt/egcgeo3e.shtml. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

World History to 1500: Ancient Egypt. 2013. World History to 1500: Ancient Egypt. [ONLINE] Available at:http://worldhistoryto1500.blogspot.com/2010/09/ancient-egypt.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Egyptian Pharaohs: Rulers of the Ancient World. 2013. Egyptian Pharaohs: Rulers of the Ancient World. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/pharaohs.htm. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

BANKSY - A CONTEMPORARY ARTIST




 Street art is made were it is easily seen by the public, most commonly in streets, on building walls and sometimes in private property. It is sadly very often made and created illegally by artists who are then considered vandals. The most commonly used mediums for street art are stenciling  stickers and poster art. However, street art can also include wheat pasting, video projections, guerrilla art, as well as art intervention, street illustrations and flash mobbing.  There is no simple way of explaining the true meaning of street art. It is a style of expression which is constantly growing in urban environment. Some being humours or with a message, it is becoming a very popular and democratic type of art. It is unique in ways, because it is not limited to a small space in an art gallery, nor is it easy to posses, trade, own or collect by those how may find this art as something the wish to capture for their own use and benefit. 
 Banksy is a very well-known graffiti artist. He is from Bristol, UK, and his art work has appeared and spread through London as well as other locations across the entire world. Despite his major popularity, he manages to keep his true identity a secret from all public media. It was found however, that in many newspapers people have declared his real name to be Robin Banks. Banksy has never given the public to believe that he has called himself an artist, but many consider him to be a very talented graffiti artist whom gains much respect. He has his own original ways to deliver his street art, often with stenciling  Some of his art works are displayed on public surfaces such as walls and even building prop pieces to include in this artwork. He does not sell pictures of his art directly himself, but art auctioneers have tried selling his work on location and leaving its removal problem to the hands of the purchaser.
Controversial  Banksy, although respected and  admired by many, has always turned everyday things into something some people say is wrong, unjustified, or offensive. An article called Animals Sprayed by Graffiti Artist, found on BBC News website is one example which clearly shows us the controversy he caused. The article explains how a cow, obviously not Banksy’s, was drawn on by him. The inspector on the scene confirmed that no harm at all came to the cow, however, a woman did not approve with the idea of animals being used as a raw canvas for art. Some people considered this as animal cruelty. Whereas others may have seen this as funny, original, and as a unique way of delivering a message through art. A second example of controversy that Banksy created is when he made an image showing the words ‘Follow your dreams’ and replaced them with the word ‘Cancelled’ in bright red paint. This is documented in the newspaper article Banksy Makes His Mark Across America which says his work is ‘humorous’ yet ‘socially scathing’. Again, some may have seen this as clever and funny, but others may have considered this as unneeded vandalism with a failed point to it’s message. It opposes all optimism in life which may be why it turned a lot of heads in it’s direction and has so many people fighting to voice their opinions about it.
I think that many people who despair of the way graffiti vandals spray slogans on public transport and public buildings would be surprised to hear that it has now been elevated, by some, to an art form. However, I think it is important that everyone does their part to keep both public and private properties free of littering and illegal graffiti in order to help the city. If graffiti is made against the property owner’s will, this should be penalized exactly like vandalism. It is not in any way right for someone to ruin another’s property especially if the graffiti displays anything which may be found offensive. Otherwise, if the city doesn't have any bylaws related to design or architecture  of the properties, the owner of this particular property can have graffiti if they wish so. To eliminate illegal graffiti I would educate property owners, students, and the general public about the negative effects of illegal graffiti. Legal graffiti should be deserved to be admired and praised. It has now been made easy to look for places in which the local council has made it legal to spread the art of graffiti. One may also purchase materials or acquire scraps on which the can practice their graffiti techniques. This is a very good way to help those who love this way of expression to do so freely and not against the law. In this way, the art can also be further admired by those who pass by and it may also give a name for those artists who wish to disperse further into the artistic graffiti talents and passions.











References:
The Story Behind Banksy | Arts & Culture | Smithsonian Magazine. 2013. The Story Behind Banksy | Arts & Culture | Smithsonian Magazine. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/The-Story-Behind-Banksy-187953941.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

The Spectacle of Bansky: Zero Interest in the Cancellation of Dreams. 2013.The Spectacle of Bansky: Zero Interest in the Cancellation of Dreams. [ONLINE] Available at: http://lolo741.blogspot.com/2012/12/zero-interest-in-cancellation-of-dreams.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

banksy-prints.com most interesting photos on FlickeFlu. 2013. banksy-prints.com most interesting photos on FlickeFlu. [ONLINE] Available at:http://flickeflu.com/photos/37259769@N06/interesting. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Banksy Loses Bid for Oscar! | Artopia. 2013. Banksy Loses Bid for Oscar! | Artopia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.artsjournal.com/artopia/2011/02/banksy_loses_oscar_bid.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Banksy Gallery - Optical Spy. 2013. Banksy Gallery - Optical Spy. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.opticalspy.com/banksy-gallery.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Banksy the Shadow Revolutionary Artist. 2013. Banksy the Shadow Revolutionary Artist. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.socalevents.com/2012-04-24-15-29-05/political-events/106-banksy-the-shadow-revolutionary-artist.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

JEWELLERY FROM THE MALTESE ISLANDS EXHIBITION - VANITY PROFANITY AND WORSHIP

This Exhibition was Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti's, named Vanity, Profanity and Worship - Jewellery from the Maltese Islands.
Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti (Meltese Heritage Foundation) was first founded and set up in 1992. It has the ain od spreading awarness of the island's extensive heritage locally and internationally through publications, exhibitions and museums, and is a non-profit organisation. 





EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

A world wide famous structure is the pyramid, that are probably the world's best architectual achievement even though they were built many centuries ago. These structures can be as tall as 147m high. Saqqara is the place where the first pyramid was built for the king Zoser, and it was called a step pyramid because of it's step-like shape. The pyramids that where later built were smooth sided; an example being the Great Pyramid at Giza which was built for King Khufu around 4500 years ago. Before the pyramid, the kings used to be berried in tombs. The tomb structure was normally composed of two different parts; the chapel and the crypt. A false door was accommodated by highly decorated walls of the funerary chapel. This symbolized linking the dead with those who were alive and there used to be a carved image of the owner of the tomb. The halls led to many smaller rooms that housed the deceased's furniture, offerings, victuals and sacred text. Egypt is scattered with large brown columns that are structures made of granite, all with hieroglyphics on them for Temples. A lot of stone figures can also be seen throughout Egypt. These figures might look like a king, a tiger, an eagle or even a mixture of both. The best known stone figure is probably the Sphinx that has the body of a lion and a head of a king wearing a striped head cloth.

 
The Step Pyramid at Saqqara in Egypt.

The Great Pyramid of Giza.

The Tomb of Sennefer on the West Bank at Luxor.




References:

Egyptian Architecture . 2013. Egyptian Architecture . [ONLINE] Available at:http://library.thinkquest.org/10098/egypt.htm. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

At the Step Pyramid. 2013. At the Step Pyramid. [ONLINE] Available at:http://aghill.fatcow.com/CRI/step.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

The Great Pyramid of Giza | OpenBuildings. 2013. The Great Pyramid of Giza | OpenBuildings. [ONLINE] Available at: http://openbuildings.com/buildings/the-great-pyramid-of-giza-profile-1161. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Egyptian Stories (Myth-Folklore Online). 2013. Egyptian Stories (Myth-Folklore Online). [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.mythfolklore.net/3043mythfolklore/reading/egypt/images/tomb.htm. [Accessed 15 May 2013].


EGYPTIAN REVIVAL IN ART DECO

The twenties brought on a time of excess and greed. They had just come out of a war and fashion, architecture, literature, dance, music and jewelry all radically changed into a new style with influences from all over the world; Mayan, Chinese, and especially Egyptian. Egyptian-inspired architecture styles were used for  grave markers, courthouses, prisons, funerary sculptures and structures as the style was deemed appropriate for them seeing because Egyptian architecture had for the Victorians connotations of eternity. Not only did the Egyptian Revival show itself in architecture, but in 1927 created a clock inspired from a gate with a wall built around an Egyptian temple. This clock was made to fit in with the Egyptian popularity in the 1920's. Many illustrations of Egyptian architecture, jewelry and poetry were created that showed the modern Western fascination with the exotic wonders of Ancient Egypt.

Cartier Egyptian revival striking clock of the Gate of Khons at Karnak.

File:Egyptian Revival mausoleum, Forest Home Cemetery.jpg
Egyptian Revival mausoleum, Forrest Home Cemetry, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Egyptian Revival prison in New Jersey.

References:

Egyptian Revival in Art Deco | Aileen Mason - Academia.edu. 2013. Egyptian Revival in Art Deco | Aileen Mason - Academia.edu. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.academia.edu/1551501/Egyptian_Revival_in_Art_Deco. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Cartier Egyptian revival striking clock of the Gate of Khons at Karnak | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. 2013. Cartier Egyptian revival striking clock of the Gate of Khons at Karnak | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonomapicman/4423183235/. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

File:Egyptian Revival mausoleum, Forest Home Cemetery.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. 2013. File:Egyptian Revival mausoleum, Forest Home Cemetery.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. [ONLINE] Available at:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_Revival_mausoleum,_Forest_Home_Cemetery.jpg. [Accessed 15 May 2013].


EGYPTIAN FURNITURE

In ancient Eygpt, houses were sparsley furnished. Most of the Egyptians did not have a lot of belongings that needed to be hidden, so a couple of chests and a few baskets would be used as plenty of storage space and tables were rarely used. Scribes were not written on tables, but instad squatted on the floor while holding a wooden board on which papyrus was sread with a hand and written on with the other. Kitchen work with utensils was also done crouching on the floor while having things laid out. Most houses also had low stools but many just simply sat on the ground. While the rich slept on beds, the poor made mattresses with straw and wool as stuffing, or they slept on a mat, or even on the plain floor.




Refrences:

Ancient Egypt: Furniture. 2013. Ancient Egypt: Furniture. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/furniture.htm. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Everyday furniture of ancient Egypt. 2013. Everyday furniture of ancient Egypt. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.goldenageproject.org.uk/181furniture.php. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Flickriver: The Adventurous Eye's photos tagged with egyptian. 2013.Flickriver: The Adventurous Eye's photos tagged with egyptian. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.flickriver.com/photos/theadventurouseye/tags/egyptian/. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

iDesign / Styles/ Empire. 2013. iDesign / Styles/ Empire. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.jbdesign.it/idesignpro/Empire.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

EGYPTIAN FASHION

The types of materials that the ancient Egyptians made the clothes from are not very different from the clothing that is made today. Clothing was created by a variety of textured linens such as coarse and fine textures. The design of their clothing was made to provide comfort while being worn during a dry climate. Scottish men were not the only ones who wore kilts, Egyptian men also wore short skirts with the same name and was very typical through the Old and Middle Kingdoms. The kilts came in a range of options; men with wealthy families wore kilts with pleats and longer kilts were made for older men. When it came to labourous work, the men wore a loincloth, while women put on short skirts. Noble women wore beaded dresses. Children in summer went about with no clothes at all but when winter came, they were covered up in wraps and cloaks. During the period of the New Kingdom, noblemen also wore a long coat over their kilt. The women during this same time wore a shawl over their long pleated dresses. The royal family wore different clothes than the people they ruled over; they would dress in ceremonials garb with a lot of decoration such as feathers and sequins. No shoes were ever worn with the exclusion of sandals being worn during special engagements. The King's sandals would be the most decorated over all. It was not uncommon that the king wore gloves too. Hair was kept short among the common people. Pigtails were often seen on young girls while boys shaved their heads completely. Wigs were worn by both men and women at this time, which were made from sheep wool and human hair, used as protection from the heat as well as a decoration. They also wore hair extensions and stored their wigs in special boxes. No matter what social class a person was in, they all wore jewelry. Some popular ones included anklets, bracelets  earrings and armlets which were worn by both men and women. Each type of jewelry had a different meaning and purpose. Rings and amulets were looked upon as a way to keep evil spirits away and tp prevent injury. People who were wealthy also wore collars made of jewels or beads and pendants. Their jewelry was made from silver and gold while the less fortunate wore copper pieces.







References:
History Of Fashion - Egypt. 2013. History Of Fashion - Egypt. [ONLINE] Available at: http://fashionhistory.zeesonlinespace.net/egypt.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Ancient Egyptian Fashion. 2013. Ancient Egyptian Fashion. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.egyptartsite.com/fashion.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

TrendQuizz: Egyptian Fashion Runway | Trendland: Fashion Blog & Trend Magazine. 2013. TrendQuizz: Egyptian Fashion Runway | Trendland: Fashion Blog & Trend Magazine. [ONLINE] Available at:http://trendland.com/trendquizz-egyptian-fashion/. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Egyptian Jewelry: Fashion exotic. 2013. Egyptian Jewelry: Fashion exotic. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.haramlik.com/egyptian_jewelry_fashion_exotic.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Monday, 13 May 2013

SALVADOR DALI.


Salvador Dali, a Spanish artist from Madrid, (born on May 11th 1904, died on January 23, 1989) is probably the most famous surrealist artist. His strange persona started when he was 10 years of age, an age where he also began his first drawing lessons. He showed talent in painting and drawing while he was still very young, and at the age of 18, began his studies in a Fine Art school in Madrid and became very well known among the students there for his abnormal behavior and strange manners, but even more so for his artwork. In 1926 he was then expelled from school for claiming that none of the professors where qualified enough to examine him. Throughout his life, Dali kept and showed his love for Catalan culture, and he showed the landscape surrounding figures in several popular paintings through his career. His work was influenced by Raphael and Velazquez among some others. Dali was also greatly influenced by Picasso especially when they met in 1926, and was also influenced by cubism. Dali joined the surrealists in 1929, and with Magritte, he developed the visual surrealist style. One of Dali's most famous paintings, The Persistence of Memory (1931) displays a landscape with melting watches. The idea for this well known artwork came from an evening after Dali had entertained guests and saw soft, half melted cheese on the table which gave him the idea of melting watches. Dali often liquefied shapes, he made use of elephants and other animals in his artworks, and the image of an egg also played an important role in some of his paintings. He was one of the artists who was greatly influenced by Freud, and dream analysis became a focal point in Dali's paintings. The Freudian theory shows us Dali's attempts at creating meaning out of his dreams and hallucinations. These account for some of Dali's iconic artworks by which he gained tremendous fame throughout his life and beyond. Dali's works showed themes of eroticism, death and decay that reflect his own familiarity with the known theories of his time. Though Dali is mainly remembered for his paintings, in the course of his long career he successfully turned to print making, sculpture  fashion, writing, advertising and was also very famously known for film-making in his collaborations with Luis Bunuel and Alfred Hitchcock. His paintings also show a fascination for Classical and Renaissance art which is very visible through his hyper-realistic style and religious symbolism of his later work. Dali's manner of showing and combining the gap between reality and illusion influenced all manner of modern artists. Beyond creating and developing his own symbolic language, Dali experimented on a way to represent the inner mind. He is known to be one of the major surrealists who used shock and unease to show moments of pleasure, and his work remains highly contemporary. He got formally excluded from the surrealist group in 1834 for his political views.

"There is only one difference between a madman and me. The madman thinks he is same. I know I am mad."
-Dali.

Salvador Dali.


Salvador Dali, Swans reflecting Elephants, 1937.

Photo: Posted by Monika Martin, www.dali.com
Salvador Dali: Ascension, 1958
Salvador Dali, Ascension, 1958.

Photo: Posted by Monika Martin, www.dali.com
Salvador Dali:Illumined Pleasures, 1929
Salvador Dali, Illuminated Pleasures, 1929.

Photo: "I reach to the sky and call out your name" -The Offspring
Assumpta Corpuscularia Lapislazulina 1952
-Salvador Dali
Salvador Dali, Assumpta Corpusclaria Lapislazulina, 1952.

Photo: posted by Joe Nuzzolo, www.dali.com
"Hair- I command you to rise up"
"Hair, I command you to rise up."

Photo: posted by Joe Nuzzolo, www.dali.com
"I love Los Angeles. I love Hollywood. They're beautiful. Everybody's plastic, but I love plastic. I want to be plastic."
Andy Warhol 
Andy Warhol and Salvador Dali
Andy Warhol and Salvador Dali.

Photo: posted by Joe Nuzzolo, http://www.dali.com
Dali designed the shoe hat for Elsa Schiaparelli in 1937. It was taken from a photograph of Gala wearing a slipper on her head.
Gala, Dali's wife, with Dali's design for a shoe as a hat for Elsa Schiaparelli in 1937.



References:

Surrealism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. 2013.Surrealism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.theartstory.org/movement-surrealism.htm. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Famous Paintings by Salvador Dalí. 2013. Famous Paintings by Salvador Dalí. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.show-your-own-art-gallery.com/paintings-by-salvador-dali.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Salvador Dalí. Short and informative about his life and work.. 2013. Salvador Dalí. Short and informative about his life and work.. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.show-your-own-art-gallery.com/salvador-dali.html. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Freud - The Life, Work and Theories of Sigmund Freud. 2013. Freud - The Life, Work and Theories of Sigmund Freud. [ONLINE] Available at:http://psychology.about.com/od/sigmundfreud/p/sigmund_freud.htm. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Salvador Dalí Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story - Biography.com . 2013.Salvador Dalí Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story - Biography.com . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/salvador-dal%C3%AD-40389. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

CUBISM

Cubism was a revolutionary style of modern art that was developed by Georges Braques and Pablo Picasso. It was the first kind of abstract art that started at the beginning of the 20th century in Paris in response to a fast changing world. Cubism was an attempt by artists who believed the traditions of Western art had run their course and those traditions needed revitalizing. Cubists challenged conventional forms of representation, with perspective being an example, which had been the rule since the Renaissance. Their aim was to see a new way of looking at things that also reflected the modern age. Between 1870 and 1910, western society had more technological process than in the four centuries before. During this time, inventions such  as cinematography, photography, the telephone, sound recording, the motor car and the airplane where the beginning of a new age. Photography slowly started replacing painting as the main tool for documentation, so artists sought to use a more radical approach to expand the possibilities in art in the same way that technology was extending the boundaries of communication and travel. This new way of seeing things was called Cubism. Cubists introduced collage into paintings and were influenced by art from other cultures, particularly African masks. There are two important phases of the Cubist style; Analytical Cubism (pre 1912) and Synthetic Cubism (post 1912). Cubism led to influence many other styles of modern art such as Orphism, Futurism, Suprematism, Vorticism, Constructivism and Expressionism.

'Factory, Horta de Ebbo', 1909 (oil on canvas)
Pablo Picasso- Factory, Horta de Ebbo, 1909.

'Bibemus Quarry', 1895 (oil on canvas)
Paul Cezanne, Bibemus Quarry, 1895.

'Viaduct at L'Estaque', 1908 (oil on canvas)
Georges Braque, Viaduct at L'Estaque, 1908.

Pablo Picasso, 'Head of a Woman', 1907 (oil on canvas) -  Dan Mask from West Africa
Left: Pablo Picasso, Head of a Woman, 1907.
Right: Dan Mask from West Africa.

'Still Life with mandolin and Guitar', 1924 (oil on canvas)
Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Mandolin and Guitar, 1924.

References:

Cubism | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2013. Cubism | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cube/hd_cube.htm. [Accessed 15 May 2013].

Cubism - the first abstract style of modern art. 2013. Cubism - the first abstract style of modern art. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/art_movements/cubism.htm. [Accessed 15 May 2013].